Ophthalmic examination in the debut and during progression of neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are a group of nosological forms, caused by excessive formation protein molecules and their aggregates leading to the death brain cells. Classical pathophysiological mechanisms associated with accumulation extracellular amyloid b -protein (A b) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) -synuclein Parkinson's (PD), which markers neurodegenerative process. Signs functional disorders NDD include decreasing visual acuity, lower contrast light sensitivity most significant changes at highest spatial frequencies (18 12 cycles per degree), reduced color vision. These correlate severity cognitive impairment duration disease. Changes indicators psychophysical tests accompanied central retinal thickness (CRT), is consequence inner layers degeneration. progression characterized stability tests, thinning peripapillary nerve fiber layer (RNFL) CRT thickening, correlates disfunction. A deposits artery walls cause lumen narrowing occlusion blood vessels, optic disk perfusion density, superficial deep capillary plexus depletion, expansion avascular foveolar zone. Microcirculatory lead changes, were proven negatively An ever-growing need identification specific sensitive biomarkers preclinical stage NDDs, differentiation causes, precise subtype classification, assessment risk an evidence relevance studying identifying structural neurons axons. Non-invasive informative methods multimodal imaging appear be valuable for diagnosis monitoring.